<aside> 💡 Primary Health Care

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1. Define primary health care according to the Alma Ata Declaration.

   • ICESCR = RIGHT TO HEALTH
     • International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights = "right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"
     • Nations have a responsibility to ensure access to essential PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
   • Declaration of Alma Ata = conference for a call to action for the world to recognize the importance of primary health care
     • Way in which health care rights can be achieved
   • Primary healthcare Definition
     • Practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology
     • Universally accessible to those within the community through participation
     • Affordable
   • Individual and population focus of primary health care:
     • First level of contact individuals, families, and communities have with national healthcare system
     • Makes healthcare more accessible to people’s homes and work

2. Describe the principles and elements of primary health care, and give examples of primary health care services.

   • ACCHS example

     

     

     • Initiated by aboriginal community
     • Based in aboriginal community
     • Governed by aboriginal community
     • Holistic care
     • Culturally acceptable

   • According to APHCRI Primary health care must

     • Prioritize those who are in most need
     • Address health inequalities
     • Maximize self-reliance, participation, control
     • collaboration and partnership with other sectors
     • Promote public heath

   • Comprehensive primary healthcare includes

     • Health promotion
     • Illness prevention
     • Treatment and care of sick
     • Community development
     • Advocacy
     • Rehabilitation

   • Principles of primary health care

     • Equitable distribution of health services
       • Universally accessible and comprehensive
       • Prioritizes those most in need (equity) and addresses health inequalities
     • Community participation
       • Meaningful involvement of community in planning, implementation, and maintenance of health services
     • Teamwork and coordination of patient care
       • Use of a trained local workforce, multidisciplinary teams, and integrated referral systems
     • Multi-sectoral collaboration
       • Partnership with other sectors to promote public health (food, education, industry, housing, public works)
     • Appropriate technology and evidence-based
       • Scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, affordable and acceptable to the community

   • Essential components of primary health care:

     • Preventative health services - immunization, screening, disease control
     • Treatment - curative and rehabilitative services
     • Essential drugs
     • Education - prevailing health problems, prevention/control, promotion
     • Maternal and child heath - family planning
     • Nutrition - public health issues (adequate, affordable, accessible, appropriate, safe water, sanitation
     • Community development
     • Advocacy

   • COMPLETE Acronym for primary health care

     • CO: Comprehensive, community participation, continuity of care, coordination of care
     • M: Maternal and child health; multisectoral (social services: school, housing, employment)
     • P: Prevention (immunization, nutrition, disease control, sanitation)
     • L: Local health (multidisciplinary)
     • E: Education, Equity
     • T: Treatment
     • E: Essential drugs, evidence based

   • The 5A’s and 4C’s of primary healthcare

     • Available

     • Accessible

     • Affordable

     • Acceptable (culturally appropriate)

     • Accountable

     • Comprehensive

     • Person-Centred

     • Continuity of care (doesn’t end when patient leaves room)

     • Coordination

       

   • PHC promotes HEALTH EQUITY

     • EQUAL ACCESS FOR EQUAL NEED
     • Alleviate unequal opportunities to be healthy
       • Differences in health that are unnecessary, avoidable, unfair, unjust

   • Equality = sameness

   • Equity = fairness

   

   • Primary care is different from PHC
     • First point of care from the health system for someone who is sick and seeking treatment
     • Has a clinical focus only = pharmacist
     • Comprehensive = dealing with diversity of health issues that people bring
       • People with health problems that don’t fit into discrete diagnoses
   • Why is PHC so important?
   • Where do we find PHC in Australia?
   • Private General Practices
   • State Government-Funded Clinics

3. Identify types of disease prevention activities. For example, immunisation is an example of ‘primary prevention’.

4. Illustrate prevention in primary health care services through the application of national preventive health guidelines (e.g. RACGP Red Book; NACCHO/RACGP National Guide).

5. Discuss the five action areas of Health Promotion according to the Ottawa Charter, and provide examples of how the action areas of health promotion can be applied to common health issues.