<aside>
💡 Intro to Immunology and Vaccination
</aside>
- LO1 compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune defence systems
-
Immune response to infection
- Local infection, penetration of epithelium
- Wound healing induced
- Antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytes
- Activation of complement
- Local infection of tissues
- Activation of complement
- Dendritic cells which phagocytised pathogens migrate to lymph nodes
- Phagocyte activation of adaptive immune response
- NK cells activated
- Cytokine and chemokines produced
-
Innate (nonspecific) defence system
- First line of defense: external body membranes (skin, mucosae)
- Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
- Present at birth
- Attempts to immediately destroy pathogen
- Contains infection until more powerful adaptive immune system adapts
- Always present
- Immediate
- low potency general response
- Reacts with equal potency upon repeated exposure to same pathogen
- General protection against a wide range of pathogens
- Wide variety of body responses
- Protect against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens/toxins
- Born with this kind of immunity
- Essential for rapid response against microbes
- React essentially in the same way to repeat infection
-
Adaptive immunity
- Ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents
- Specificity and memory
- Needs to be activated; normally inactive
- Slower (1-2 weeks)
- Response varies
- Enables faster, stronger secondary response
- Highly potent
- Responses are highly evolved
- Stimulated by exposure to the infectious agent and increase in magnitude
- Depending on the microbe adaptive immune response either humoral or cell-mediated
- Lymphocytes major components
- Third line of defence attacks particular foreign substances
- Takes longer to react than innate
- Activation of specific lymphocytes
- Combats a particular pathogen or other foreign substance
-
Phases of adaptive immunity
- LO2 outline the various white blood cell types and their basic functions
- LO3 describe the major organs of the lymphatic system and their basic role in the immune system
- LO4 describe the various components of the two lines of innate defence, and describe their roles
- LO5 compare and contrast the 2 types of adaptive immunity – humoral v cell-mediated
- LO6 define antigens, and describe the main pathways for antigen processing
- LO7 compare and contrast the general function of T and B lymphocytes
- LO8 define immunological memory
- LO9 compare naturally v artificially acquired immunity, and active v passive immunity
- LO10 outline the different types of vaccines and vaccine constituents
- LO11 discuss issues associated with vaccination and anti-vaccination campaigns